Борис Цацулин о "Китайском исследовании"

[Joker]

Китайское исследование. "Библия веганов". Заблуждения и обман. Научный обзор

https://youtu.be/TKD5XEm1TtA


Биологические модели, на которые автор книги Китайское Исследование ссылается, не поддерживают трехфакторных цепочек, созданных им для того, чтобы связать животные продукты с раком, сердечнососудистыми заболеваниями и другими хроническими заболеваниями, а использование им однофакторных корреляций для подтверждения этих связей так и осталось голословным.

Больше всего в выводах Кэмпбелла меня заинтересовал его подход: данные “Китайского исследования” и результаты проведенных анализов он подогнал под конкретную гипотезу, вместо того, чтобы беспристрастно оценить информацию и уже на её основе сформировать теорию. Свой подход Кэмпбелл объясняет следующим образом:

“Изначально меня заинтересовало, сможет ли набор факторов из Китайского опроса (начиная от однофакторных корреляций и до сложных анализов) последовательно и существенно подтвердить каждую из этих биологически правдоподобных моделей. А во-вторых, я хотел выяснить согласуются ли решения в пользу этих моделей с главной гипотезой, что диета на основе цельной растительной пищи крайне полезна для здоровья”.[94]

Как оказалось, главным критерием для признания Кэмпбеллом корреляции действительной является не её объективная достоверность, а то, подходит ли она под его гипотезу. Если подходит, как ранее объяснялось в этой статье, то он ссылается на неё без проведения более глубоких анализов; а если нет, он не придает никакого значения и не описывает методику для объяснения её несоответствия его теории. Вместо оценки расхождений в данных, он опускает их. Такой выбор, в конечном счёте, ведет к необъективности подтверждения, потенциальному искажению истинных тенденций и упускает возможность доработать свою гипотезу для объяснения очевидных аномалий.

Друзья, будьте осторожны в своих решениях! В первую очередь нужно убедиться, что то, что вы делаете, имеет реальные обоснования, а не подтасованные факты, бессмысленные корреляции и философские умозаключения на тему здорового питания.

Китайское исследование – это не научная книга. Она не дает никаких реальных доказательств эффективности веганской диеты.
В аргументации Кэмпбелла существуют множественные статистические и методологические ошибки.
Автор не учитывал множество других различий в питании, уровне активности, географии.
Кэмпбелл избегает упоминаний исследований, которые противоречат его собственным выводам.
Наличие корреляций не является доказательством причинности, и может лишь дать начало гипотезам, которые необходимо тщательным образом проверять в контролируемых рандомизированных исследованиях

Честно сказать, если вы хотите читать это — ради бога, читайте, но это явно не тот источник, на который следует ссылаться в любой научной работе.Я бы отнесся к этой книге как к книге с рассказами о чакрах ,маятниках, и переселении души пр. просто по форме псевдо академическая работа Кэмпбела правильна: и сноски, и научные термины разбросаны тут и там, и говорит он об исследованиях и клинических испытаниях — но самое главное отсутствует. И я совсем не нахожу это забавным. Наоборот, мне становится грустно, когда я думаю о том, как он сидит и прилежно и серьезно печатает эту чушь.

Отдельная благодарность Svete Pukhkaya и Евгению Самошкину за помощь в переводе материалов!

Спасибо!

Список источников

► Показать

[1] Segelken R. “China Study II: Switch to Western diet may bring Western-type diseases.” Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/0 ... dy_ii.html

[2] Junshi C, Campbell TC, Junyao L, Peto R. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China: A Study of the Characteristics of 65 Chinese Counties. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 264.

[3] Campbell TC, Junshi C, Brun T, Parpia B, Yinsheng Q, Chumming C, and Geissler C. “China: From diseases of poverty to diseases of affluence. Policy implications of the epidemiological transition.” Ecol. Food Nutr. 1992(27):133-144.

[4] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p.264.

[5] Yin SN, Li GL, Tain FD, Fu ZI, Jin C, Chen YJ, Luo SJ, Ye PZ, Zhang JZ, Wang GC, Zhang XC, Wu HN, Zhong QC. “A retrospective cohort study of leukemia and other cancers in benzene workers.” Environ Health Perspect. 1989 July; 82: 207–213.

[6] Hayes RB, Yin SN, Dosemeci M, Li GL, Wacholder S, Chow WH, Rothman N, Wang YZ, Dai TR, Chao XJ, Jiang ZL, Ye PZ, Zhao HB, Kou QR, Zhang WY, Meng JF, Zho JS, Lin XF, Ding CY, Li CY, Zhang ZN, Li DG, Travis LB, Blot WJ, Linet MS. “Mortality among benzene-exposed workers in China.” Environ Health Perspect. 1996 Dec;104 Suppl 6:1349-52.

[7] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 572.

[8] Campbell TC. “A Challenge and Response to the China Study.” Retrieved from http://tynan.net/chinastudyresponse

[9] Ibid.

[10] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 640.

[11] Ibid, p. 638.

[12] O’Connor TP, Roebuck BD, Peterson F, and Campbell TC. “Effect of dietary intake of fish oil and fish protein on the development of L-azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions in the rat pancreas.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1985 Nov;75(5):959-62.

[13] Marshall JR, Qu Y, Chen J, Parpia B, and Campbell TC. “Additional ecological evidence: lipids and breast cancer mortality among women age 55 and over in China.” European Journal of Cancer 1999(28A):1720-1727.

[14] Campbell. The China Study, p. 87.

[15] Ibid.

[16] Muti P. et al. “Fasting glucose is a risk factor for breast cancer: a prospective study.” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2002 Nov;11(11):1361-8.

[17] Stoll BA. “Western diet, early puberty, and breast cancer risk.” Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1998 Jun;49(3):187-93.

[18] Gunter MJ, Hoover DR, Yu H, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Rohan TE, Manson JE, Li J, Ho GY, Xue X, Anderson GL, Kaplan RC, Harris TG, Howard BV, Wylie-Rosett J, Burk RD, Strickler HD.. “Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2009 Jan;101(1):48-60.

[19] Minger D. “The China Study: Fact or Fallacy?” Raw Food SOS. Retrieved from http://rawfoodsos.com/2010/07/07/the-ch ... or-fallac/

[20] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 118.

[21] Wang Y, Crawford MA, Chen J, Li J, Ghebremeskel K, Campbell TC, Fan W, Parker R, Leyton J. “Fish consumption, blood docosahexaenoic acid and chronic diseases in Chinese rural populations.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology 2003 Sep;136(1):127-40.

[22] “Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Liver Cancer): FAQs.” Johns Hopkins Gastroenterology and Hepatology. http://www.hopkins-gi.org/GDL_Disease.a ... AFDB80C3D1

[23] Chu CW, Hwang SJ, Luo JC, Tsay SH, Li CP, Chang FY, Lee SD, Lui WY, Chiang JH. “Manifestations of hypercholesterolaemia, hypoglycaemia, erythrocytosis and hypercalcaemia in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: report of two cases.” J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999 Aug;14(8):807-10.

[24] Campbell TC, Parpia B, and Chen J. “Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: the Cornell China Study.” Am J Cardiol. 1998 Nov 26;82(10B):18T-21T.

[25] Segelken R. “China Study II: Switch to Western diet may bring Western-type diseases.” Retrieved from http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/0 ... dy_ii.html

[26] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 618.

[27] Ibid, p. 716

[28] Segelken R. “China Study II: Switch to Western diet may bring Western-type diseases.” Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/0 ... dy_ii.html

[29] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 188.

[30] Ibid.

[31] Ibid, p. 798 – 806.

[32] Ibid, p. 612 – 618 and 716 – 724.

[33] Ibid, p. 280 – 288.

[34] Fan WX, et al. “Erythrocyte fatty acids, plasma lipids, and cardiovascular disease in rural China.”

[35] Segelken R. “China Study II: Switch to Western diet may bring Western-type diseases.” Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/0 ... dy_ii.html

[36] Minger D. “The China Study: My Response to Campbell.” Raw Food SOS. Retrieved from http://rawfoodsos.com/2010/07/16/the-ch ... -campbell/

[37] Segelken R. “China Study II: Switch to Western diet may bring Western-type diseases.” Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/0 ... dy_ii.html

[38] Campbell TC. The China Study, p. 77.

[39] O’Donovan G, Owen A, Kearney EM, Jones DW, Nevill AM, Woolf-May K, Bird SR. “Cardiovascular disease risk factors in habitual exercisers, lean sedentary men and abdominally obese sedentary men.” Int J Obes (Lond). 2005 Sep;29(9):1063-9.

[40] Junshi C, et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 830.

[41] Parekh N, Lin Y, Hayes RB, Albu JB, Lu-Yao GL. “Longitudinal associations of blood markers of insulin and glucose metabolism and cancer mortality in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.” Cancer Causes Control. 2010 Apr;21(4):631-42.

[42] Rapp K, Schroeder J, Klenk J, Ulmer H, Concin H, Diem G, Oberaigner W, Weiland SK. “Fasting blood glucose and cancer risk in a cohort of more than 140,000 adults in Austria.” Diabetologia. 2006 May;49(5):945-52.

[43] Nunes JPL and Silva JC. “Systemic correlates of angiographic coronary artery disease.” PLoS ONE. 2009; 4(1): e4322.

[44] Brunner EJ, Shipley MJ, Witte DR, Fuller JH, Marmot MG. “Relation between blood glucose and coronary mortality over 33 years in the Whitehall Study.” Diabetes Care. 2006 Jan;29(1):26-31.

[45] Bruning PF, Bonfrèr JM, van Noord PA, Hart AA, de Jong-Bakker M, Nooijen WJ. “Insulin resistance and breast-cancer risk.” Int J Cancer. 1992 Oct 21;52(4):511-6.

[46] Bruce WR, Wolever TM, Giacca A. “Mechanisms linking diet and colorectal cancer: the possible role of insulin resistance.” Nutr Cancer. 2000;37(1):19-26.

[47] Segelken R. “China Study II: Switch to Western diet may bring Western-type diseases.” Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/0 ... dy_ii.html

[48] Campbell TC et al. “China: From diseases of poverty to diseases of affluence. Policy implications of the epidemiological transition.”

[49] Segelken R. “China Study II: Switch to Western diet may bring Western-type diseases.” Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/0 ... dy_ii.html

[50] O’Dea K. “Diabetes in Australian aborigines: impact of the western diet and life style.” J Intern Med. 1992 Aug;232(2):103-17.

[51] Knight TM, Smith Z, Whittles A, Sahota P, Lockton JA, Hogg G, Bedford A, Toop M, Kernohan EE, Baker MR. “Insulin resistance, diabetes, and risk markers for ischaemic heart disease in Asian men and non-Asian in Bradford.” Br Heart J. 1992 May;67(5):343-50.

[52] Dhawan J, Bray CL, Warburton R, Ghambhir DS, Morris J. “Insulin resistance, high prevalence of diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in immigrant Asians. Genetic or environmental effect?” Br Heart J. 1994 November; 72(5): 413–421.

[53] Wang G, Liu X, Christoffel KK, Zhang S, Wang B, Liu R, Li Z, Liu X, Brickman WJ, Zimmerman D, Xu X, Wang X. “Prediabetes is not all about obesity: association between plasma leptin and prediabetes in lean rural Chinese adults.” Eur J Endocrinol. 2010 Aug;163(2):243-249. Epub 2010 May 28.

[54] Appleton BS, Campbell TC. “Inhibition of aflatoxin-initiated preneoplastic liver lesions by low dietary protein.” Nutr Cancer. 1982;3(4):200-6.

[55] Campbell TC. The China Study, p. 60.

[56] Campbell TC. “Denise Minger Reply.” Campbell Coalition for Health Change. Retrieved from http://campbellcoalition.com/?p=142

[57] Schulsinger DA, Root MM, and Campbell TC. “Effect of dietary protein quality on development of aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic preneoplastic lesions.” J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989 Aug 16;81(16):1241-5.

[58] Campbell TC. The China Study, p. 30-31.

[59] Parodi PW. “A role for milk proteins and their peptides in cancer prevention.” Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(8):813-28.

[60] Bounous G, Batist G, Gold P. “Whey proteins in cancer prevention.” Cancer Lett. 1991 May 1;57(2):91-4.

[61] Bounous G. “Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and glutathione modulation in cancer treatment.” Anticancer Res. 2000 Nov-Dec;20(6C):4785-92.

[62] Hakkak R, Korourian S, Shelnutt SR, Lensing S, Ronis MJ, Badger TM. “Diets containing whey proteins or soy protein isolate protect against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors in female rats.” Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000 Jan;9(1):113-7.

[63] Badger TM, Ronis MJ, Hakkak R. “Developmental effects and health aspects of soy protein isolate, casein, and whey in male and female rats.” Int J Toxicol. 2001 May-Jun;20(3):165-74.

[64] Campbell TC. “Denise Minger Reply.” Campbell Coalition for Health Change. Retrieved from http://campbellcoalition.com/?p=142

[65] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 572.

[66] Hwang SJ, Lee SD, Chang CF, Wu JC, Tsay SH, Lui WY, Chiang JH, Lo KJ. “Hypercholesterolaemia in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.” J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1992 Sep-Oct;7(5):491-6.

[67] Wang Y et al. “Fish consumption, blood docosahexaenoic acid and chronic diseases in Chinese rural populations.”

[68] Wild CP and Montesano R. “Correspondence re: T. Colin Campbell et al. Nonassociation of aflatoxin with primary liver cancer in a cross-sectional ecological survey in the People’s Republic of China.” Cancer Res. 1991(51):3825.

[69] Campbell TC. “A Challenge and Response to the China Study.” Retrieved from http://tynan.net/chinastudyresponse

[70] “Leading Causes of Death.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm

[71] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 608.

[72]Campbell TC. “Denise Minger Reply.” Campbell Coalition for Health Change. Retrieved from http://campbellcoalition.com/?p=142

[73] Campbell TC, Parpia B, and Chen J. “Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: the Cornell China Study.” American Journal of Cardiology 1998 Nov 26;82(10B):18T-21T.

[74] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 608.

[75] Ibid.

[76] Ibid.

[77] Ibid.

[78] “Nutrient Data Laboratory.” United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved from http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/

[79] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 608.

[80] Ibid, p. 606.

[81] Campbell TC, Chen J. “Energy balance: interpretation of data from rural China.” Toxicol Sci. 1999 Dec;52(2 Suppl):87-94.

[82] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 608.

[83] Pottala JV, Garg S, Cohen BE, Whooley MA, Harris WS. “Blood eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids predict all-cause mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease: the Heart and Soul study.” Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010 Jul;3(4):406-12.

[84] Manerba A, Vizzardi E, Metra M, Dei Cas L. “n-3 PUFAs and cardiovascular disease prevention.” Future Cardiol. 2010 May;6(3):343-50.

[85] Wang Y, Crawford MA, Chen J, Li J, Ghebremeskel K, Campbell TC, Fan W, Parker R, Leyton J. “Fish consumption, blood docosahexaenoic acid and chronic diseases in Chinese rural populations.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology 2003 Sep;136(1):127-40.

[86] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 606.

[87] Campbell TC. “Denise Minger Reply.” Campbell Coalition for Health Change. Retrieved from http://campbellcoalition.com/?p=142

[88] Fuhrman J. “Eat for Health: Cut Back on Grains.” Disease Proof. Retrieved from http://www.diseaseproof.com/archives/hu ... rains.html

[89] Hokanson JE, Austin MA. “Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies.” J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996 Apr;3(2):213-9.

[90] Iso H, Naito Y, Sato S, Kitamura A, Okamura T, Sankai T, Shimamoto T, Iida M, Komachi Y. “Serum triglycerides and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese men and women.” Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Mar 1;153(5):490-9.

[91] McDougall J. “Refined Carbohydrates for Food Addicts.” McDougall Newsletter 2006:5(10). Retrieved from http://www.drmcdougall.com/misc/2006nl/oct/sugar.htm

[92] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 608.

[93] Harris WS, Bulchandani D. “Why do omega-3 fatty acids lower serum triglycerides?” Curr Opin Lipidol. 2006 Aug;17(4):387-93.

[94] Campbell TC. “Denise Minger Reply.” Campbell Coalition for Health Change. Retrieved from http://campbellcoalition.com/?p=142

[95] Ibid.

[96] Ibid.

[97] Campbell TC. “A Challenge and Response to the China Study.” Retrieved from http://tynan.net/chinastudyresponse

[98] Junshi C et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China, p. 732.

[99] Ibid, p. 716.

[100] Campbell TC. “Denise Minger Reply.” Campbell Coalition for Health Change. Retrieved from http://campbellcoalition.com/?p=142

[101] McDougall J. Dr. McDougall’s Digestive Tune-Up. Summertown, TN: Healthy Living Publications, 2006: p.146.

[102] Esselstyn CB. Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease. New York: Penguin Group, 2007: p. 70.

[103] Ornish D. Eat More, Weigh Less. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1993: p. 43.

[104] Ibid, p. 61.

[105] Barnard N and Grogan BC. Dr. Neal Barnard’s Program for Reversing Diabetes. New York: Random House, 2007: p. 65.

[106] Ibid, p. 84.

[107] Fuhrman J. Eat to Live: The Revolutionary Formula for Fast and Sustained Weight Loss. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2003: p. 121.

[108] Ibid, p. 33.

[109] Ibid, p. 135.

[110] Fuhrman J. “What You Need to Know About Vegetarian or Vegan Diets.” Dr. Fuhrman. http://www.drfuhrman.com/library/article5.aspx

[111] Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Ahrén B, Branell UC, Pålsson G, Hansson A, Söderström M, and Lindeberg S. “Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study.” Cardiovascular Diabetology July 16 2009 8:35.

[112] Ibid.

[113] Frassetto LA, Schloetter M, Mietus-Synder M, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A. “Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet.” Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Aug;63(8):947-55.

[114] Ibid.

[115] Lindeberg S, Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Borgstrand E, Soffman J, Sjöström K, Ahrén B. “A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease.” Diabetologia. 2007 Sep;50(9):1795-807.

[116] O’Dea K. “Traditional diet and food preferences of Australian aboriginal hunter-gatherers.” Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1991 Nov 29;334(1270):233-40; discussion 240-1.

[117] O’Dea K. “Cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian aborigines.” Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1991 Feb;18(2):85-8.

[118] O’Dea K. “Diabetes in Australian aborigines: impact of the western diet and life style.” J Intern Med. 1992 Aug;232(2):103-17.

[119]Lindeberg S, Berntorp E, Nilsson-Ehle P, Terént A, Vessby B. “Age relations of cardiovascular risk factors in a traditional Melanesian society: the Kitava Study.” Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Oct;66(4):845-52.

[120] Lindeberg S, Berntorp E, Carlsson R, Eliasson M, Marckmann P. “Haemostatic variables in Pacific Islanders apparently free from stroke and ischaemic heart disease–the Kitava Study.” Thromb Haemost. 1997 Jan;77(1):94-8.

[121] Lindeberg S, Lundh B. “Apparent absence of stroke and ischaemic heart disease in a traditional Melanesian island: a clinical study in Kitava.” J Intern Med. 1993 Mar;233(3):269-75.

[122]Mann GV, Shaffer RD, Anderson RS, Sandstead HH et al. “Cardiovascular disease in the Masai.” J Atheroscler Res. 1964 Jul-Aug;4:289-312.

[123]Taylor CB, Ho KJ. “Studies on the Masai.” Am J Clin Nutr. 1971 Nov;24(11):1291-3.

[124] Ibid.

[125] Eilat-Adar S, Mete M, Nobmann ED, Xu J, Fabsitz RR, Ebbesson SO, Howard BV. “Dietary patterns are linked to cardiovascular risk factors but not to inflammatory markers in Alaska Eskimos.” J Nutr. 2009 Dec;139(12):2322-8.

[126] Ibid.

[127] Ebbesson SO, Ebbeson LO, Swenson M et al. “A successful diabetes prevention study in Eskimos: the Alaska Siberia project.” Int J Circumpolar Health 64 (2005):409–424

[128] Bersamin A, Luick BR, King IB, Stern JS, Zidenberg-Cherr S. “Westernizing diets influence fat intake, red blood cell fatty acid composition, and health in remote Alaskan Native communities in the center for Alaska Native health study.”J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Feb;108(2):266-73.

[129] Campbell TC. “A Challenge and Response to the China Study.” Retrieved from http://tynan.net/chinastudyresponse