Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
◄The Stubborn Fat Solution
◄A Guide to Flexible Dieting
◄The Ultimate Diet 2.0
◄The Ketogenic Diet
◄Сообщество ЖЖ с переведенными статьями
◄Rapid Fat Loss Handbook (pdf)
◄"Все про диеты", Лайл МакДональд. Перевод: Hugin, Batman. Источник: ironmine. narod.ru
◄Ещё книги на английском.
◄Лайл МакДональд про концепцию «повреждения метаболизма» ("metabolic damage" concept)
◄Lyle_McDonald. The_Protein_Book_A_Complete_Guide. doc
◄Сжигание жира для спортсменов, Лайл Макдональд
◄Кето-диета. Лайл Макдональд. Тезисы на русском.
◄Статья Lyle McDonald "Determining the Maximum Dietary Deficit for Fat Loss", основанная на исследовании: A limit on the energy transfer rate from the human fat store in hypophagia.
◄ Сколько нужно употреблять белка на низкоуглеводной диете? Из книги The Ketogenic Diet: A complete guide for the Dieter and Practitioner by Lyle McDonald (... и не только из нее) ...
◄ The Energy Balance Equation
◄ Lyle McDonald о локальном жиросжигании
◄ Опасно ли есть побольше белка, если хочешь набрать мышц?
◄ Размер дефицита в питании и мышечный катаболизм.
◄ Фрагмент из "Полного руководства для женщин" им. Л. МакДоналда (График питания - 1)
◄ Фрагмент из "Полного руководства для женщин" им. Л. МакДоналда (График питания - 2)
Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Дорогой Лайл ...": партиционирование калорий ...
Лайл, Вы не могли бы объяснить, почему мы все с разной скоростью и качеством набираем мышечную массу, и почему при попытках похудеть, некоторые из нас теряют больше мышц чем другие (не рассматривая ситуацию употребления специализированных фармацевтических препаратов)?
Znatok Ne: этот материал написан на основе книги "The Ultimate Diet 2.0" by Lyle McDonald (т.е. на 95% это слог МакДональда). Выводы сделанные в конце, это не слова Лайла, это мое. Собственно и такого вопроса Лайлу не задавали, но формат "Вопрос-Ответ" мне показался для этой статьи вполне подходящим. Всю эту и более подробную информацию вы можете прочитать в упомянутой книге, а также в статье Initial Body Fat and Body Composition Changesby. Lyle McDonald.
Говоря о партиционировании, как правило подразумевают "эффективность усвоения белка" (P-ratio). Это соотношение представляет собой количество белка, которое усваивается (или теряется) при избытке (дефиците) калорийности. Так, низкое P-ratio, когда вы на диете означает, что вы теряете очень мало белка и много жира. Высокое P-ratio означает, что в организме расщепляется большое количество белка и мало жира. Похоже, что в большинстве ситуаций, для одного и того же человека, P-ratio неизменно: нам свойственно приобретать почти то же самое количество мышц при избытке калорий, которое мы теряем при недостатке. Конечно, эффективность усвоения белка может довольно сильно различаться у разных людей, но для одного человека это относительно постоянная величина.
Лайл, Вы не могли бы объяснить, почему мы все с разной скоростью и качеством набираем мышечную массу, и почему при попытках похудеть, некоторые из нас теряют больше мышц чем другие (не рассматривая ситуацию употребления специализированных фармацевтических препаратов)?
Znatok Ne: этот материал написан на основе книги "The Ultimate Diet 2.0" by Lyle McDonald (т.е. на 95% это слог МакДональда). Выводы сделанные в конце, это не слова Лайла, это мое. Собственно и такого вопроса Лайлу не задавали, но формат "Вопрос-Ответ" мне показался для этой статьи вполне подходящим. Всю эту и более подробную информацию вы можете прочитать в упомянутой книге, а также в статье Initial Body Fat and Body Composition Changesby. Lyle McDonald.
Фундаментальной проблемой бодибилдеров и спортсменов является партиционирование. Говоря простыми словами – это куда идут калории (в мышцы или жир), когда вы едите больше, и откуда они берутся (из мышц или жира), когда вы едите меньше, чем расходуете. Кому то суждено терять на диете целых полкило мышц на каждый килограмм-полтора жира (и они же, как правило, набирают то же количество жира и мышц, когда прибавляют в весе). У индивидуумов с более удачной генетикой в мышцы идет больше калорий (и меньше в жир), когда они получают избыток калорий и, при диете, больше калорий расходуется из жира (и меньше из мышц).
Говоря о партиционировании, как правило подразумевают "эффективность усвоения белка" (P-ratio). Это соотношение представляет собой количество белка, которое усваивается (или теряется) при избытке (дефиците) калорийности. Так, низкое P-ratio, когда вы на диете означает, что вы теряете очень мало белка и много жира. Высокое P-ratio означает, что в организме расщепляется большое количество белка и мало жира. Похоже, что в большинстве ситуаций, для одного и того же человека, P-ratio неизменно: нам свойственно приобретать почти то же самое количество мышц при избытке калорий, которое мы теряем при недостатке. Конечно, эффективность усвоения белка может довольно сильно различаться у разных людей, но для одного человека это относительно постоянная величина.
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Сделала перевод...(делалось урывками, поэтому не судите строго, надеюсь общая концепция прочитывается).
Равенство Энергетического Баланса
В последнее время в интернете, часто высказывается мнение о том, что применение законов термодинамики для человеческого организма неверно. Обычно это мнение людей, рассуждающих о чем-то, чего они явно не понимают, во всяком случае, совершенно точно им не понятно, что такое равенство энергетического баланса.
Это идея обычно лежит в основе высказываний типа: “Калорийная теория увеличения и потери веса" является неправильной или что-то вроде того. Это, в свою очередь, приводит к еще более нелепым идеям, которые я не буду обсуждать здесь.
Сегодня, я собираюсь сделать все возможное, чтобы прояснить ситуацию касательно того, что равенство энергетического баланса означает, и чем оно не является, равно как и почему люди, которые действительно не имеют понятия о чем они говорят, не понимают его. Надеюсь, к тому времени, как вы дочитаете эту статью, вы разберетесь в этом вопросе.
Что такое равенство энергетического баланса?
Сила стремления - это то, что отделяет невозможное от возможного...
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
И еще один перевод:
Вопрос
Определение оптимального (максимального) калорийного дефицита для потери жира - это вопрос, который занимает меня уже очень давно. Я знаю, что я не первый, кто обращается к данной теме, но меня интересует, можно ли точно рассчитать оптимальный дефицит по калориям, нежели чем полагаться на крайне ненадежный метод проб и ошибок.
Я уверен, что читатели знакомы с существующими подходами, но давайте коротко обобщим их еще раз. Самый простой (одновременно самый устаревший) метод подсчета калорий на диете позволяет получить более менее точные цифры. Обычно для женщин эта цифра составляет 1200, а для мужчин 1500. Каким образом, эти цифры могут быть верны для разных людей вне зависимости от их веса и уровня активности - я понятия не имею. Еще в 2006 году такой нелепый подход считался все еще рабочим.
Второй подход “Чтоб терять 1 фунт жира в неделю ешь на 500 ккал /день меньше своего уровня поддержки; чтобы потерять 2 фунта, ешь на 1000 ккал в день меньше.” Обычная математика, хотя и не совсем корректная по ряду причин, в которые я не хочу углубляться. Я подробно рассматривал оба эти подхода в своей книге "Кетогенная диета".
В "Бодиопусе" Дэна Дюшана (который писал для людей с очень маленьким процентом жира в организме) рекомендован максимальный дефицит в 20% от калорий поддержки. Уже лучше, потому что эта цифра привязана к уровню поддерживающей калорийности каждого конкретного человека. Большой парень, чьи калории поддержки составляют 4000, должен держать дефицит в 800 ккал/день, тогда как хрупкая женщина с уровнем калорий поддержки 1700 - гораздо меньший дефицит (340 ккал/день).Конечно, потеря жира в неделю будет сильно отличаться для обоих, что вполне соответствует тому, что происходит в реальности. Крупные мужчины теряют гораздо больше жира, чем хрупкие женщины. Я всегда защищаю этот подход.
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Сила стремления - это то, что отделяет невозможное от возможного...
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Диета: гибкий подход
Каким образом менее строгое отношение к диете
поможет добиться лучшего результата
Lyle McDonald
Введение
Содержание:
Сокращенный (60 страниц) перевод оригинала (800 страниц)
Каким образом менее строгое отношение к диете
поможет добиться лучшего результата
Lyle McDonald
Введение
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Частота тренировок для набора мышечной массы.
Старая, но одна из топовых статей переведенная HUMAN'ом от Лайла МакДоналда
Оригинал статьи
Перевод осуществил HUMAN
Фулбади. Система тренировок трижды в неделю.
В последние годы, тренировочные процессы в стиле бб поделились на 2 лагеря мнений и у каждого свое количество фактов и подтверждений для своей теории; в итоге всё сводится к одному вопросу: «как часто нужно тренироваться для приростов в мышечной массе?».
В этой статье я хочу обсудить 3 самые основные теории о частоте тренировок (как часто тренировать мышечную группу в неделю) и другие плюсы и минусы. Для начала я хочу разобрать 2 крайности тренинга каждой мышечной группы прежде, чем я предположу вам свой собственный взгляд, как часто нужно тренироваться.
Я хочу разъяснить, что я хочу найти подходящую частоту тренировок для цели массонабора. Я не говорю о спортсменах занимающихся в силовом ключе (хотя рекомендации по этим двум целям довольно такие схожи), основная цель разъяснений в этой статье – это мышечная гипертрофия.
Тренировка мышечной группы 3 раза в неделю
Исторически сложилось, что культуристы тренировали каждую мышечную группу трижды в неделю и на это были признаки, чтобы так тренироваться (особенно до начала эры стероидов). Принцип тяжелой/легкой/средней тренировки впервые был предложен Билом Старом, а первыми популизатором стали такие тренера как Марк Рипетто и Глэн Пендли (как обсуждалось в моей статье The 5X5 Program).
Старая, но одна из топовых статей переведенная HUMAN'ом от Лайла МакДоналда
Оригинал статьи
Перевод осуществил HUMAN
Фулбади. Система тренировок трижды в неделю.
В последние годы, тренировочные процессы в стиле бб поделились на 2 лагеря мнений и у каждого свое количество фактов и подтверждений для своей теории; в итоге всё сводится к одному вопросу: «как часто нужно тренироваться для приростов в мышечной массе?».
В этой статье я хочу обсудить 3 самые основные теории о частоте тренировок (как часто тренировать мышечную группу в неделю) и другие плюсы и минусы. Для начала я хочу разобрать 2 крайности тренинга каждой мышечной группы прежде, чем я предположу вам свой собственный взгляд, как часто нужно тренироваться.
Я хочу разъяснить, что я хочу найти подходящую частоту тренировок для цели массонабора. Я не говорю о спортсменах занимающихся в силовом ключе (хотя рекомендации по этим двум целям довольно такие схожи), основная цель разъяснений в этой статье – это мышечная гипертрофия.
Тренировка мышечной группы 3 раза в неделю
Исторически сложилось, что культуристы тренировали каждую мышечную группу трижды в неделю и на это были признаки, чтобы так тренироваться (особенно до начала эры стероидов). Принцип тяжелой/легкой/средней тренировки впервые был предложен Билом Старом, а первыми популизатором стали такие тренера как Марк Рипетто и Глэн Пендли (как обсуждалось в моей статье The 5X5 Program).
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Rapid Fat Loss (Быстрая диета) от Лайла МакДоналда
Перевела shantramora
Хочу сразу сказать, что я пишу эту книгу с чувством некоторой неловкости, почему – сейчас поясню. Я полагаю, что личный выбор каждого – не мое дело: то, что люди с собой делают, меня абсолютно не касается. Но в то же время, рассказывая о методах, которые могут представлять опасность, я несу определенную ответственность перед читателями. По этой причине, в своих предыдущих книгах, я на протяжении нескольких глав рассказывал о возможных побочных эффектах и рисках. И мне не слишком приятно затрагивать такие темы, как обезвоживание для уменьшения веса или быстрая диета.
Так почему же я об этом пишу?
Первая причина – реальная жизнь. То есть, я бы, конечно, был счастлив жить в мире, где никто не пытается сидеть на быстрых диетах, где все и каждый следуют разумно распланированному безопасному режиму питания, неукоснительно придерживаясь плана и, впоследствии не отступают от выработавшейся привычки к здоровому питанию. Кроме того я хотел бы быть ростом два метра, получить в подарок пони и стать космонавтом. И, раз такое дело, покончить с голодом во всем мире. Что я пытаюсь сказать? Что когда сталкиваются идеализм и реальность, ничего хорошего не выходит. Люди всегда будут пытаться похудеть быстро, что бы я, или кто бы то ни было другой, им не говорил.
И,во-вторых, бывает время, когда быстрая диета оказывается более эффективной или даже необходимой. Я в курсе, что в диетологии быстрые диеты неизменно воспринимаются как что-то плохое, но это не обязательно соответствует истине. В главе 2 мы рассмотрим ситуации, когда имеет смысл предпочесть именно быструю диету.
И наконец, есть две другие стратегии – экстремальная диета д-ра Эрика Серрано (Extreme Crash Dieting by Dr. Eric Serrano) и радикальная диета д-ра Мауро Ди Паскуале (The Radical Diet by Dr. Mauro DiPasquale) – предназначенные для быстрого похудения. Я хорошо знаю как эти диеты, так и их авторов и, учитывая мой опыт и знания, я полагаю, что вполне способен придумать кое-что получше. Надеюсь, мои читатели разделяют эту уверенность.
В общем, кто бы что ни говорил – люди будут сидеть на быстрых диетах. Иногда это нужно и полезно, чаще – нет. Но неважно, они все равно будут это делать. С учетом всего этого, лучшее, что можно придумать, это разработать максимально безопасную и адекватную быструю диету, основанную на данных научных исследований и знаниях по диетологии. И при этом постараться, чтобы такая диета позволяла сохранить здравый рассудок (насколько это возможно на предельно жесткой быстрой диете) и не была бы абсолютно идиотской – по крайней мере, по сравнению наиболее распространенными популярными вариантами.
Например, такие действительно дурацкие диеты, как овощная, фруктовая, или эта, на капустном супчике, и многие другие. В моей книге все по-другому. Моя быстрая диета создана на основании новейших данных и призвана обеспечить максимально быстрое и безопасное снижение веса. Не хочу врать, утверждая, что эта диета легко переносится, но она определенно эффективна.
Перевела shantramora
Введение
Хочу сразу сказать, что я пишу эту книгу с чувством некоторой неловкости, почему – сейчас поясню. Я полагаю, что личный выбор каждого – не мое дело: то, что люди с собой делают, меня абсолютно не касается. Но в то же время, рассказывая о методах, которые могут представлять опасность, я несу определенную ответственность перед читателями. По этой причине, в своих предыдущих книгах, я на протяжении нескольких глав рассказывал о возможных побочных эффектах и рисках. И мне не слишком приятно затрагивать такие темы, как обезвоживание для уменьшения веса или быстрая диета.
Так почему же я об этом пишу?
Первая причина – реальная жизнь. То есть, я бы, конечно, был счастлив жить в мире, где никто не пытается сидеть на быстрых диетах, где все и каждый следуют разумно распланированному безопасному режиму питания, неукоснительно придерживаясь плана и, впоследствии не отступают от выработавшейся привычки к здоровому питанию. Кроме того я хотел бы быть ростом два метра, получить в подарок пони и стать космонавтом. И, раз такое дело, покончить с голодом во всем мире. Что я пытаюсь сказать? Что когда сталкиваются идеализм и реальность, ничего хорошего не выходит. Люди всегда будут пытаться похудеть быстро, что бы я, или кто бы то ни было другой, им не говорил.
И,во-вторых, бывает время, когда быстрая диета оказывается более эффективной или даже необходимой. Я в курсе, что в диетологии быстрые диеты неизменно воспринимаются как что-то плохое, но это не обязательно соответствует истине. В главе 2 мы рассмотрим ситуации, когда имеет смысл предпочесть именно быструю диету.
И наконец, есть две другие стратегии – экстремальная диета д-ра Эрика Серрано (Extreme Crash Dieting by Dr. Eric Serrano) и радикальная диета д-ра Мауро Ди Паскуале (The Radical Diet by Dr. Mauro DiPasquale) – предназначенные для быстрого похудения. Я хорошо знаю как эти диеты, так и их авторов и, учитывая мой опыт и знания, я полагаю, что вполне способен придумать кое-что получше. Надеюсь, мои читатели разделяют эту уверенность.
В общем, кто бы что ни говорил – люди будут сидеть на быстрых диетах. Иногда это нужно и полезно, чаще – нет. Но неважно, они все равно будут это делать. С учетом всего этого, лучшее, что можно придумать, это разработать максимально безопасную и адекватную быструю диету, основанную на данных научных исследований и знаниях по диетологии. И при этом постараться, чтобы такая диета позволяла сохранить здравый рассудок (насколько это возможно на предельно жесткой быстрой диете) и не была бы абсолютно идиотской – по крайней мере, по сравнению наиболее распространенными популярными вариантами.
Например, такие действительно дурацкие диеты, как овощная, фруктовая, или эта, на капустном супчике, и многие другие. В моей книге все по-другому. Моя быстрая диета создана на основании новейших данных и призвана обеспечить максимально быстрое и безопасное снижение веса. Не хочу врать, утверждая, что эта диета легко переносится, но она определенно эффективна.
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
С большим огорчением узнала, покопавшись в очередной раз на сайте у Лайла, что он страдает от биполярного расстройства, и последний год был для него действительно тяжелым, он вынужден постоянно принимать лекарства, чтобы держать свое психическое состояние более-менее под контролем, хоть, как он говорит, и "в детской дозировке"...тем не менее продолжает работать над книгой, которую я лично очень жду...про рекомпозицию для женщин...
http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/bipola ... view.html/
http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/bipola ... view.html/
Сила стремления - это то, что отделяет невозможное от возможного...
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
ее пока нет, пишет...Лайл много про нее говорит, мол, детище его жизни, в которую он вкладывает все свои силы и знания, но книга идет очень тяжело...тем не менее, обещает, что это будет лучшее, что он когда-либо написал....очень надеюсь, что напишет. На его сайте была статья Body Solution for women (я так понимаю с отрывками из этой новой книги, а также кусочки из Rapid fat silution), но теперь вижу, что ее нет...пишет, страница не найдена ye17
Сила стремления - это то, что отделяет невозможное от возможного...
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Joker - Администратор
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Ну так вот эта книга и есть. Фрагменты.
И перевод Шантраморы.Meal Frequency and Meal Patterning Part 1 – Book Excerpt
As editing grinds on (I’m past the 2/3rds mark so be patient) on the woman’s book, and since I can’t think of anything to write this week, I’m going to run another excerpt. Since it’s long I’ll run half of it today and half of it next week; that way I don’t have to write anything for two weeks. This is the first half of the chapter on meal frequency and patterning.
*****
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
ну да, все только в отрывках, этот я читала...у него на сайте был другой, который теперь отсутствует, страница удалена....а книгу он только активно анонсирует...но вот уже второй год как...а последняя запись была, что редактировать нет ни сил, ни желания, но может быть, когда -нибудь...типа, ждите
Сила стремления - это то, что отделяет невозможное от возможного...
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Q & A
Ask Lyle McDonald #10
January 15, 1999 By Lyle McDonald
Alpha Lipoic Acid and Bodyopus
Lyle,
You have made a couple of references lately regarding Alpha Lipoic Acid as being the most potent glucose disposal agent while on Bodyopus. I had previously looked into the stuff myself and was quite impressed. Since Alpha Lipoic Acid “to some extent” mimics insulin (and not wanting to take the risk of injecting it), I was wondering if there is any way to find out if it is powerful enough to be taken after Monday and Tuesday’s workouts with a specified amount and type of carbohydrates to where they could be driven into the muscles, and the body would reach ketosis on schedule. It would be nice if this is possible. Thanks!
I think in theory, yes this could work. A couple of years ago, I heard about bodybuilders on the Bodyopus diet who were taking in lots of post-workout carbs with insulin. The idea was to push lots of carbs into the muscle AND re-establish ketosis at the same time. Of course, the key is to find the right amount of carbs and insulin to accomplish this goal. I’d imagine it would help to limit post-workout catabolism, by lowering cortisol and raising insulin. Then you get whatever anti-catabolic effects of ketosis by re-establishing ketosis.
If you look back in the archives, someone asked me about using lipoic acid to help establish ketosis on Mon-Tue and commented that they were going hypoglycemic. My guess as to the reason was that the lipoic acid was *too potent* to use without carbs and I still feel that way. However, you might be able to take some lipoic acid with carbs right after workout and mimic the effects of using insulin that I described above. The only thing to work out (and this will simply be a trial and error issue) is dosages of each. Depending on training volume, I’d think 50-100 grams of carbs with some protein right after workout to be about right. So what you’d need to do is this:
Right after workout check your level of ketosis with Ketostix
Consume your carbs/protein and lipoic acid
Check for levels of ketosis every couple of hours afterwards to see if you are kicked out and, if you are kicked out, when you drop back into ketosis
Your best bet I think is to keep carbs/protein constant and experiment with different doses of lipoic acid, starting low and working up, until you find the amount of lipoic acid, that gets you back into ketosis quickly *without* making you go hypoglycemic (you’ll get really fatigued, you might sweat and get the shakes, those are the most common symptoms of true hypoglycemia).
Good luck.
Ask Lyle McDonald #10
January 15, 1999 By Lyle McDonald
Alpha Lipoic Acid and Bodyopus
Lyle,
You have made a couple of references lately regarding Alpha Lipoic Acid as being the most potent glucose disposal agent while on Bodyopus. I had previously looked into the stuff myself and was quite impressed. Since Alpha Lipoic Acid “to some extent” mimics insulin (and not wanting to take the risk of injecting it), I was wondering if there is any way to find out if it is powerful enough to be taken after Monday and Tuesday’s workouts with a specified amount and type of carbohydrates to where they could be driven into the muscles, and the body would reach ketosis on schedule. It would be nice if this is possible. Thanks!
I think in theory, yes this could work. A couple of years ago, I heard about bodybuilders on the Bodyopus diet who were taking in lots of post-workout carbs with insulin. The idea was to push lots of carbs into the muscle AND re-establish ketosis at the same time. Of course, the key is to find the right amount of carbs and insulin to accomplish this goal. I’d imagine it would help to limit post-workout catabolism, by lowering cortisol and raising insulin. Then you get whatever anti-catabolic effects of ketosis by re-establishing ketosis.
If you look back in the archives, someone asked me about using lipoic acid to help establish ketosis on Mon-Tue and commented that they were going hypoglycemic. My guess as to the reason was that the lipoic acid was *too potent* to use without carbs and I still feel that way. However, you might be able to take some lipoic acid with carbs right after workout and mimic the effects of using insulin that I described above. The only thing to work out (and this will simply be a trial and error issue) is dosages of each. Depending on training volume, I’d think 50-100 grams of carbs with some protein right after workout to be about right. So what you’d need to do is this:
Right after workout check your level of ketosis with Ketostix
Consume your carbs/protein and lipoic acid
Check for levels of ketosis every couple of hours afterwards to see if you are kicked out and, if you are kicked out, when you drop back into ketosis
Your best bet I think is to keep carbs/protein constant and experiment with different doses of lipoic acid, starting low and working up, until you find the amount of lipoic acid, that gets you back into ketosis quickly *without* making you go hypoglycemic (you’ll get really fatigued, you might sweat and get the shakes, those are the most common symptoms of true hypoglycemia).
Good luck.
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Fat Loss for Athletes: Part 1
Losing body fat is often an issue for athletes and there are various and sundry (yes, sundry) reasons that they either want or need to do this. Clearly for the physique sports (bodybuilding, fitness, figure), it’s an issue of appearance. For performance sports (everything else), losing fat or weight can often improve performance. Either the athlete can get into a lower weight class (if their sport has such) or they can improve their strength or power to weight ratio, improving performance.
I’d note, and this would be a topic for an entirely separate article, that leaner is not always better. Most sports end up having an ideal level of leanness where higher and lower levels aren’t consistent with optimal performance. Many athletes will over train or lose muscle mass and performance in the quest to get as lean as possible and this often does more harm than good.
Unfortunately, athletes often approach the goal of fat loss in an absolutely awful way. It’s altogether too often assumed that they should simply do what the bodybuilders do since bodybuilders are, at least for one day per year, the leanest folks of them all.
The problem with this mentality is that, fundamentally, the physique sports aren’t performance oriented (fitness competitions are sort of an exception since the fitness round does require quite a bit of performance oriented training). But bodybuilders and figure girls aren’t usually interested in performance per se, it’s all about looking good on stage. What happens in the gym or in training is only a means to an end in this regards. So some of the dietary and training approaches that bodybuilders would follow might not be appropriate for a performance-oriented athlete.
At the same time, there are clearly some good ideas that have come out of the physique sports; to say that individuals in those activities are competitive dieters isn’t far off and they have figured out a lot of good things (much of which modern research has subsequently validated). You simply can’t apply them wholly uncritically to every sport. I’d also note that some performance sports (women’s gymnastics and figure skating jump to mind) also have an aesthetic aspect to them; little girls are being judged on appearance and body in addition to how well they can fling themselves through the air.
In this article, I want to talk about how athletes of different sorts can go about best losing body fat without sacrificing (too-much) performance. The parentheses may seem odd but it’s not always possible to completely avoid performance (strength, power, etc.) loss while dieting down. As long as the reduction in fat or total weight is greater than the performance loss, the strength/power to weight ratio still usually goes up.
To avoid talking about every sport known to god and man, I’m going to subdivide sports into one of three rough categories (I’d note that I used the same three in my protein book and usually apply this scheme in some fashion in all of my fat loss books) which are
Pure strength/power: Think Powerlifting, Olympic lifting, throwing events, etc. These are athletes who do the bulk of their training as strength/power training of some sort and their sports don’t require endurance or metabolic conditioning outside of work capacity considerations to handle their massive training loads. The competition itself usually involves very little endurance component (unless you consider sitting on your ass for 3 hours between squat and bench while you eat sandwiches to require endurance).
Pure endurance sports: This includes cycling, running, swimming, cross country skiing and anything of that sort. Any sport where the majority of training is pretty much pure endurance style training (lower intensity, long durations) goes in this category. And yes, trust me I realize that many of these athletes also do stuff in the weight room and higher intensity interval work is done. I’m talking about the majority of training that they do. In competition, the events can actually vary pretty significantly in terms of duration and intensity. An hour criterium race for a cyclist is a very different event than a 5 hour stage race; same for a 5k vs. marathon in running. Regardless, the majority of training done in these sports is of the long-duration endurance type.
Mixed sports: And then there’s mostly everything else, sports that end up having to cover all of the bases with both a good bit of strength/power work (in the weight room or on the track sprinting) and metabolic conditioning (which can take on a variety of forms, I’ll talk about this a bit below). Football, basketball, hockey, mixed martial arts, boxing, wrestling, etc. all belong here. These are athletes that need high levels of strength/power (varying with the sport) and high levels of metabolic conditioning (which also varies with sport). Competitions usually require these athletes to express strength/power over and over and over again.
Of course, I’m sure there are going to be sports (Curling? Archery? Extreme Frisbee?) that don’t fit neatly into any of the above categories. Since I doubt they have the same requirements (outside of technical stuff) of the main three categories, I’m not too worried about them.
Simplistically, when I look at fat loss, I take 5 components into consideration in their rough order of importance. I’ll look at each below.
Total calories and the rate of fat loss
Protein intake
Fat intake
Carbohydrate intake
Training and how it can or should be changed when fat loss is the goal.
Yeah, I know. Cutting edge shit there. I’m only spelling it out so that I can look at each within the context of each of the types of sports I discussed above. I’d note that frankly components 1-4 (and especially 1) are the more important aspects when fat loss is the goal. All of the training in the world won’t overcome a diet that sucks. Ok, maybe ALL of the training in the world but you pedantic assholes know what I mean.
Losing body fat is often an issue for athletes and there are various and sundry (yes, sundry) reasons that they either want or need to do this. Clearly for the physique sports (bodybuilding, fitness, figure), it’s an issue of appearance. For performance sports (everything else), losing fat or weight can often improve performance. Either the athlete can get into a lower weight class (if their sport has such) or they can improve their strength or power to weight ratio, improving performance.
I’d note, and this would be a topic for an entirely separate article, that leaner is not always better. Most sports end up having an ideal level of leanness where higher and lower levels aren’t consistent with optimal performance. Many athletes will over train or lose muscle mass and performance in the quest to get as lean as possible and this often does more harm than good.
Unfortunately, athletes often approach the goal of fat loss in an absolutely awful way. It’s altogether too often assumed that they should simply do what the bodybuilders do since bodybuilders are, at least for one day per year, the leanest folks of them all.
The problem with this mentality is that, fundamentally, the physique sports aren’t performance oriented (fitness competitions are sort of an exception since the fitness round does require quite a bit of performance oriented training). But bodybuilders and figure girls aren’t usually interested in performance per se, it’s all about looking good on stage. What happens in the gym or in training is only a means to an end in this regards. So some of the dietary and training approaches that bodybuilders would follow might not be appropriate for a performance-oriented athlete.
At the same time, there are clearly some good ideas that have come out of the physique sports; to say that individuals in those activities are competitive dieters isn’t far off and they have figured out a lot of good things (much of which modern research has subsequently validated). You simply can’t apply them wholly uncritically to every sport. I’d also note that some performance sports (women’s gymnastics and figure skating jump to mind) also have an aesthetic aspect to them; little girls are being judged on appearance and body in addition to how well they can fling themselves through the air.
In this article, I want to talk about how athletes of different sorts can go about best losing body fat without sacrificing (too-much) performance. The parentheses may seem odd but it’s not always possible to completely avoid performance (strength, power, etc.) loss while dieting down. As long as the reduction in fat or total weight is greater than the performance loss, the strength/power to weight ratio still usually goes up.
To avoid talking about every sport known to god and man, I’m going to subdivide sports into one of three rough categories (I’d note that I used the same three in my protein book and usually apply this scheme in some fashion in all of my fat loss books) which are
Pure strength/power: Think Powerlifting, Olympic lifting, throwing events, etc. These are athletes who do the bulk of their training as strength/power training of some sort and their sports don’t require endurance or metabolic conditioning outside of work capacity considerations to handle their massive training loads. The competition itself usually involves very little endurance component (unless you consider sitting on your ass for 3 hours between squat and bench while you eat sandwiches to require endurance).
Pure endurance sports: This includes cycling, running, swimming, cross country skiing and anything of that sort. Any sport where the majority of training is pretty much pure endurance style training (lower intensity, long durations) goes in this category. And yes, trust me I realize that many of these athletes also do stuff in the weight room and higher intensity interval work is done. I’m talking about the majority of training that they do. In competition, the events can actually vary pretty significantly in terms of duration and intensity. An hour criterium race for a cyclist is a very different event than a 5 hour stage race; same for a 5k vs. marathon in running. Regardless, the majority of training done in these sports is of the long-duration endurance type.
Mixed sports: And then there’s mostly everything else, sports that end up having to cover all of the bases with both a good bit of strength/power work (in the weight room or on the track sprinting) and metabolic conditioning (which can take on a variety of forms, I’ll talk about this a bit below). Football, basketball, hockey, mixed martial arts, boxing, wrestling, etc. all belong here. These are athletes that need high levels of strength/power (varying with the sport) and high levels of metabolic conditioning (which also varies with sport). Competitions usually require these athletes to express strength/power over and over and over again.
Of course, I’m sure there are going to be sports (Curling? Archery? Extreme Frisbee?) that don’t fit neatly into any of the above categories. Since I doubt they have the same requirements (outside of technical stuff) of the main three categories, I’m not too worried about them.
Simplistically, when I look at fat loss, I take 5 components into consideration in their rough order of importance. I’ll look at each below.
Total calories and the rate of fat loss
Protein intake
Fat intake
Carbohydrate intake
Training and how it can or should be changed when fat loss is the goal.
Yeah, I know. Cutting edge shit there. I’m only spelling it out so that I can look at each within the context of each of the types of sports I discussed above. I’d note that frankly components 1-4 (and especially 1) are the more important aspects when fat loss is the goal. All of the training in the world won’t overcome a diet that sucks. Ok, maybe ALL of the training in the world but you pedantic assholes know what I mean.
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Fat Loss for Athletes: Part 2
In Fat Loss for Athletes: Part 1, I addressed some basic concepts regarding fat loss for athletes including a look at the different ‘categories’ of athletes that I delineate and a hierarchy of factors that can or should be modified when an athlete is trying to lose fat. In Part 2, I want to look at the first 4 of those factors.
1. Total Calories and the Rate of Fat Loss
As mentioned above, this is the single most important aspect of fat loss as far as I’m concerned. It’s usually pretty trivial to out-eat the calories burned from training and if you don’t control calories you’re not going to lose fat no matter what you do. And all of the weird macronutrient manipulations still don’t make a shit’s worth of difference if calories aren’t controlled so you can worrying about food combining, or not eating carbs after 6pm or whatever. With no exception all of those strategies only work to hide caloric restriction in the guise of something else. It’s still calories at the end of the day.
So the next question comes in terms of where to set calories. A typically generic recommendation used by bodybuilders is 10-12 cal/lb starting weight depending on metabolism (higher value for higher, lower value for lower) and this isn’t bad for someone doing fairly moderate amounts of training (e.g. an hour or so daily). But for athletes with very high caloric requirements this will be too low.
Many endurance athletes can have energy requirements up near 20 cal/lb, occasionally higher. Athletes who have to do a lot of metabolic work will have elevated requirements as well. Strength/power athletes can vary massively; Ol’ers have been reported to have fairly high caloric requirements but when you train 4-6 hours/day, even with low reps, this isn’t shocking.
Arguably a better way to adjust calories is to first determine maintenance calories (the number that will maintain your current weight) and then reduce it by 10-20% as a starting point (I’d note that fatter athletes can usually sustain a larger deficit than leaner). This should then be adjusted based on real world changes in fat loss and performance changes.
A reasonable goal for fat loss might be 1-1.5 lbs fat loss/week with no major reduction in performance. If an athlete is losing less than that, a further reduction in calories (or increase in activity, discussed below) may be needed. If an athlete is losing more than 2 pounds per week or performance is crashing, calories would be adjusted upwards by 10%. Eventually that sweet spot will be found. Note that as folks get lighter and caloric requirements go down, calories will eventually have to be adjusted down even further to keep fat loss going.
Finally I’d note that lighter athletes (women, lighter males in weight class sports) may have to be happy with half of that fat loss, 0.5-0.75 pounds per week. Yeah, I know, that’s only 2 pounds per month. Tough titty, don’t get fat next time.
2. Protein Intake
In Fat Loss for Athletes: Part 1, I addressed some basic concepts regarding fat loss for athletes including a look at the different ‘categories’ of athletes that I delineate and a hierarchy of factors that can or should be modified when an athlete is trying to lose fat. In Part 2, I want to look at the first 4 of those factors.
1. Total Calories and the Rate of Fat Loss
As mentioned above, this is the single most important aspect of fat loss as far as I’m concerned. It’s usually pretty trivial to out-eat the calories burned from training and if you don’t control calories you’re not going to lose fat no matter what you do. And all of the weird macronutrient manipulations still don’t make a shit’s worth of difference if calories aren’t controlled so you can worrying about food combining, or not eating carbs after 6pm or whatever. With no exception all of those strategies only work to hide caloric restriction in the guise of something else. It’s still calories at the end of the day.
So the next question comes in terms of where to set calories. A typically generic recommendation used by bodybuilders is 10-12 cal/lb starting weight depending on metabolism (higher value for higher, lower value for lower) and this isn’t bad for someone doing fairly moderate amounts of training (e.g. an hour or so daily). But for athletes with very high caloric requirements this will be too low.
Many endurance athletes can have energy requirements up near 20 cal/lb, occasionally higher. Athletes who have to do a lot of metabolic work will have elevated requirements as well. Strength/power athletes can vary massively; Ol’ers have been reported to have fairly high caloric requirements but when you train 4-6 hours/day, even with low reps, this isn’t shocking.
Arguably a better way to adjust calories is to first determine maintenance calories (the number that will maintain your current weight) and then reduce it by 10-20% as a starting point (I’d note that fatter athletes can usually sustain a larger deficit than leaner). This should then be adjusted based on real world changes in fat loss and performance changes.
A reasonable goal for fat loss might be 1-1.5 lbs fat loss/week with no major reduction in performance. If an athlete is losing less than that, a further reduction in calories (or increase in activity, discussed below) may be needed. If an athlete is losing more than 2 pounds per week or performance is crashing, calories would be adjusted upwards by 10%. Eventually that sweet spot will be found. Note that as folks get lighter and caloric requirements go down, calories will eventually have to be adjusted down even further to keep fat loss going.
Finally I’d note that lighter athletes (women, lighter males in weight class sports) may have to be happy with half of that fat loss, 0.5-0.75 pounds per week. Yeah, I know, that’s only 2 pounds per month. Tough titty, don’t get fat next time.
2. Protein Intake
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Fat Loss for Athletes: Part 3
Having talked generally about fat loss and defined some terms in Fat Loss for Athletes: Part 1, along with examining issues of diet in Fat Loss for Athletes: Part 2, I want to finish out this article series by examining how training can or should be modified. Finally, I want to make a few comments about when in their training year athletes should attempt to lose fat.
5. Training and Fat Loss
The final issue I want to discuss regarding fat loss for athletes is how training can or should be modified while dieting. Again, this is a place where a lot of people make mistakes and where (especially given the role of anabolics in bodybuilding preparation since about the 80’s) following bodybuilders can be problematic. I’ll come back to this below.
Once again, I’m going to address the three different general categories of athletes that I described in Fat Loss for Athletes: Part 1. Additionally, I’m going to look at training in terms of both weight room work (of any sort) and metabolic work (this includes both standard aerobic training along with intervals).
Weight training can, of course, be subdivided into several different categories. From very heavy, low-repetition strength or power work (5’s or less) to more bodybuilding oriented hypertrophy work (generally 6-15 reps) to higher rep, metabolic-style depletion work (15-20 reps or more, usually with short rest periods), weight training covers a lot of ground.
Is one best for fat loss? Of course not, they each have their pros and cons. One approach that is all too commonplace in the weight room (and this is an idea that came out of bodybuilding in the 80’s) is that heavy weights should be replaced by higher reps for cuts. While this certainly works when anabolics are present to protect muscle mass, it’s absolutely the worst thing that a natural athlete can do to maintain muscle mass.
Tension builds muscle, removing heavy tension overload causes muscle and strength to go away; not what most athletes want when they diet. Simply, if an athlete can only do one type of weight training while dieting, it should be a lowered volume (see comments below) of heavy work to maintain muscle. The caloric deficit and any metabolic work can take care of fat loss.
However, that doesn’t mean that higher rep/metabolic style weight training of various sorts (think barbell complexes, KB circuits, sled dragging might even fit here, and stuff like that) can’t have a use as well. Between the hormonal response, glycogen depletion (which increases whole body fat usage), and a somewhat larger calorie burn, these types of training can certainly enhance fat loss. But they should only be done in conjunction with a maintenance volume of heavy work. I’ll come back to this below.
Having talked generally about fat loss and defined some terms in Fat Loss for Athletes: Part 1, along with examining issues of diet in Fat Loss for Athletes: Part 2, I want to finish out this article series by examining how training can or should be modified. Finally, I want to make a few comments about when in their training year athletes should attempt to lose fat.
5. Training and Fat Loss
The final issue I want to discuss regarding fat loss for athletes is how training can or should be modified while dieting. Again, this is a place where a lot of people make mistakes and where (especially given the role of anabolics in bodybuilding preparation since about the 80’s) following bodybuilders can be problematic. I’ll come back to this below.
Once again, I’m going to address the three different general categories of athletes that I described in Fat Loss for Athletes: Part 1. Additionally, I’m going to look at training in terms of both weight room work (of any sort) and metabolic work (this includes both standard aerobic training along with intervals).
Weight training can, of course, be subdivided into several different categories. From very heavy, low-repetition strength or power work (5’s or less) to more bodybuilding oriented hypertrophy work (generally 6-15 reps) to higher rep, metabolic-style depletion work (15-20 reps or more, usually with short rest periods), weight training covers a lot of ground.
Is one best for fat loss? Of course not, they each have their pros and cons. One approach that is all too commonplace in the weight room (and this is an idea that came out of bodybuilding in the 80’s) is that heavy weights should be replaced by higher reps for cuts. While this certainly works when anabolics are present to protect muscle mass, it’s absolutely the worst thing that a natural athlete can do to maintain muscle mass.
Tension builds muscle, removing heavy tension overload causes muscle and strength to go away; not what most athletes want when they diet. Simply, if an athlete can only do one type of weight training while dieting, it should be a lowered volume (see comments below) of heavy work to maintain muscle. The caloric deficit and any metabolic work can take care of fat loss.
However, that doesn’t mean that higher rep/metabolic style weight training of various sorts (think barbell complexes, KB circuits, sled dragging might even fit here, and stuff like that) can’t have a use as well. Between the hormonal response, glycogen depletion (which increases whole body fat usage), and a somewhat larger calorie burn, these types of training can certainly enhance fat loss. But they should only be done in conjunction with a maintenance volume of heavy work. I’ll come back to this below.
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Q. The idea of protein cycling for muscle growth seems to crop up every few years. For those readers who don’t know what I’m talking about, protein cycling involves zig-zagging your protein intake so that you alternate between high and low levels of dietary protein, with the goal of “tricking” your body into building muscle faster. Is this a worthwhile strategy?
A. I can still remember when this idea was first presented, I actually wrote a fairly long piece looking at the research where I argued that it was crap and my opinion hasn’t changed in the last 10 years.
The basic premise is that, with increasing protein intake, the body will increase the oxidation (burning) of amino acids. Quite in fact, at least one researcher has argued that a high apparent protein requirement in athletes is being driven by a habitually high protein intake (which increases amino acid oxidation). That is, athletes need high protein intakes because they have high protein intakes.
In any case, as the logic goes, by decreasing protein intake drastically, you downregulate these processes, such that when you increase protein intake again, the body will utilize it more effectively.
In a related vein, there’s a phenomenon called “catch-up growth” that is often seen with malnutrition whereby kids grow at a faster rate (“catching-up” with their peers) due to some of the adaptations. There is some truth to all of this mind you.
But when I looked into what little research was available, it all fell apart in my opinion. The problem essentially has to do with the lag time between when you change protein intake and how the body adapts. In humans, there is about a 7-9 day time span between when protein intake is increased and the body adapts by up- and down-regulating amino acid oxidation.
The problem is that during that time period, the body loses a massive amount of protein. That is, say you go from your habitual high protein intake and slash protein intake drastically. Your body still has all of these adaptations to the previous high protein intake and until it readapts; during that time period, nitrogen balance is just massively negative.
Now, it works the other way of course, if you go from a very low to a very high protein intake, you see this massive positive nitrogen balance for about 7-9 days until the body adapts.
In my mind, what this will end up doing is basically having you waste 14-18 days to end up where you started. Before you can add any new muscle mass during the period of high nitrogen balance, you have to replace what you lost during the period of very low nitrogen balance. End result: no change.
And while at least one of the proponents of this idea has argued that the downregulation of amino acid oxidation is permanent (allowing you to sustain the high net nitrogen balance), there is zero research to support that contention. And research that basically says it’s nonsensical.
Additionally, what is often forgotten in discussions of amino acid oxidation is that the body is only burning off “excess” amino acids. In fact, early research looking at protein requirements for athletes used an increase in amino acid oxidation as the indicator that protein requirements had been met or exceeded. The new protein requirement method I mentioned above is actually using an increase or decrease in amino acid oxidation rates to try and determine maintenance protein requirements.
Which is a long-winded way of saying that amino acid oxidation isn’t some inherent evil in the first place, it’s not as if the body is oxidizing off the amino acids that it needs to support protein synthesis or what have you, it’s only oxidizing off the excess that it doesn’t need.
Finally, at least one researcher (DJ Millward) has suggested that amino acid oxidation might be part of the body’s overall “anabolic drive,” with some of the byproducts of amino acid oxidation having regulatory or valuable roles in terms of promoting gains.
As one example, readers may remember a brief fascination of the supplement companies with keto-isocaproate (KIC) and beta-hydroxy-methyl-butyrate (HMB). Well, in the body, when leucine is oxidized, it produces KIC and then HMB.
If Millward is correct and amino acid oxidation actually has a stimulatory role on protein synthesis, this might explain the disconnect between some of the research suggesting that there is a limit in terms of how much protein is required to maximally stimulate protein synthesis and what athletes have found to be most effective. Perhaps the increased amino acid oxidation from the supposedly “excessive” protein intake is having a regulatory effect above and beyond what you’d expect.
A. I can still remember when this idea was first presented, I actually wrote a fairly long piece looking at the research where I argued that it was crap and my opinion hasn’t changed in the last 10 years.
The basic premise is that, with increasing protein intake, the body will increase the oxidation (burning) of amino acids. Quite in fact, at least one researcher has argued that a high apparent protein requirement in athletes is being driven by a habitually high protein intake (which increases amino acid oxidation). That is, athletes need high protein intakes because they have high protein intakes.
In any case, as the logic goes, by decreasing protein intake drastically, you downregulate these processes, such that when you increase protein intake again, the body will utilize it more effectively.
In a related vein, there’s a phenomenon called “catch-up growth” that is often seen with malnutrition whereby kids grow at a faster rate (“catching-up” with their peers) due to some of the adaptations. There is some truth to all of this mind you.
But when I looked into what little research was available, it all fell apart in my opinion. The problem essentially has to do with the lag time between when you change protein intake and how the body adapts. In humans, there is about a 7-9 day time span between when protein intake is increased and the body adapts by up- and down-regulating amino acid oxidation.
The problem is that during that time period, the body loses a massive amount of protein. That is, say you go from your habitual high protein intake and slash protein intake drastically. Your body still has all of these adaptations to the previous high protein intake and until it readapts; during that time period, nitrogen balance is just massively negative.
Now, it works the other way of course, if you go from a very low to a very high protein intake, you see this massive positive nitrogen balance for about 7-9 days until the body adapts.
In my mind, what this will end up doing is basically having you waste 14-18 days to end up where you started. Before you can add any new muscle mass during the period of high nitrogen balance, you have to replace what you lost during the period of very low nitrogen balance. End result: no change.
And while at least one of the proponents of this idea has argued that the downregulation of amino acid oxidation is permanent (allowing you to sustain the high net nitrogen balance), there is zero research to support that contention. And research that basically says it’s nonsensical.
Additionally, what is often forgotten in discussions of amino acid oxidation is that the body is only burning off “excess” amino acids. In fact, early research looking at protein requirements for athletes used an increase in amino acid oxidation as the indicator that protein requirements had been met or exceeded. The new protein requirement method I mentioned above is actually using an increase or decrease in amino acid oxidation rates to try and determine maintenance protein requirements.
Which is a long-winded way of saying that amino acid oxidation isn’t some inherent evil in the first place, it’s not as if the body is oxidizing off the amino acids that it needs to support protein synthesis or what have you, it’s only oxidizing off the excess that it doesn’t need.
Finally, at least one researcher (DJ Millward) has suggested that amino acid oxidation might be part of the body’s overall “anabolic drive,” with some of the byproducts of amino acid oxidation having regulatory or valuable roles in terms of promoting gains.
As one example, readers may remember a brief fascination of the supplement companies with keto-isocaproate (KIC) and beta-hydroxy-methyl-butyrate (HMB). Well, in the body, when leucine is oxidized, it produces KIC and then HMB.
If Millward is correct and amino acid oxidation actually has a stimulatory role on protein synthesis, this might explain the disconnect between some of the research suggesting that there is a limit in terms of how much protein is required to maximally stimulate protein synthesis and what athletes have found to be most effective. Perhaps the increased amino acid oxidation from the supposedly “excessive” protein intake is having a regulatory effect above and beyond what you’d expect.
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Insulin Sensitivity and Fat Loss
Over the years, bodybuilding nutrition has divided itself into three fairly distinct categories (I’m going to leave out the ones I consider voodoo nonsense) which are high-carb/low-fat, moderate carb/moderate fat, and low-carbohydrate. Low carb-diets can be further subdivided into high or low fat as well as cyclical or non-cyclical. I discuss each in more detail in Comparing the Diets.
In theory, you can make arguments for or against any of these approaches in terms of superiority. In the real world, it’s not quite that simple. You can always find folks (and this is true whether they are bodybuilders or just general dieters) who either succeeded staggeringly well or failed miserably on one or another approaches.
Before going on, I want to mention that protein recommendations tend not to vary that significantly between diets and most of the arguments tend to revolve around the varying proportions of carbohydrate and fats in the diet and that’s what I’ll be focusing on here. Simply, I don’t consider low-protein fat loss diets in the equation at all for the simple fact that they don’t work for anybody but the extremely obese. Any dieting bodybuilder or athlete needs 1-1.5 g/lb lean body mass of protein on a diet. Possibly more under certain circumstances.
My general experience has been that individuals who respond very well to high-carbohydrate/lower fat diets tend to do very poorly on low-carb/higher-fat diets. They feel terrible (low energy and a mental fog that never goes away), don’t seem to lean out very effectively and it just doesn’t work.
This cuts both ways: folks who don’t respond well to higher carbs do better by lowering carbs and increasing dietary fat. Sometimes that means a moderate carb/moderate fat diet, sometimes it means a full blown ketogenic diet. I should also note that some people seem to do just as well on one diet as another.
Some of this may simply be related to adherence although this tends to be less of an issue in bodybuilders (who take obsessiveness to a new level). Carb-based diets make some people hungry even if they follow all the ‘rules’; so they eat more and don’t lose fat effectively. For many of those people, reducing carb intake allows better calorie control in the long-term. People who hate moderation tend to like cyclical ketogenic diets, they can handle no-carbs during the week and massive carb-ups on the weekend; moderate carbs drive them crazy.
But how does all of the above help the neophyte dieter looking to diet down. Put differently, how can someone know ahead of the fact what diet might be optimal for them? Current research is starting to explore a link between diet and genetics and suggesting biological differences in how people respond to diet; that might explain some of the real-world results I described above.
With regards to fat intake, studies have identified what researches call low and high-fat phenotypes (phenotype is just a technical word for the interaction between your genetics and your environment) (1). Some people appear to be better able to increase fat burning in response to higher fat intakes; they stay lean in the face of such an intake. Others, however, do no such thing. Other aspects of metabolism and appetite were associated with being either a high- or low-fat phenotype.
Over the years, bodybuilding nutrition has divided itself into three fairly distinct categories (I’m going to leave out the ones I consider voodoo nonsense) which are high-carb/low-fat, moderate carb/moderate fat, and low-carbohydrate. Low carb-diets can be further subdivided into high or low fat as well as cyclical or non-cyclical. I discuss each in more detail in Comparing the Diets.
In theory, you can make arguments for or against any of these approaches in terms of superiority. In the real world, it’s not quite that simple. You can always find folks (and this is true whether they are bodybuilders or just general dieters) who either succeeded staggeringly well or failed miserably on one or another approaches.
Before going on, I want to mention that protein recommendations tend not to vary that significantly between diets and most of the arguments tend to revolve around the varying proportions of carbohydrate and fats in the diet and that’s what I’ll be focusing on here. Simply, I don’t consider low-protein fat loss diets in the equation at all for the simple fact that they don’t work for anybody but the extremely obese. Any dieting bodybuilder or athlete needs 1-1.5 g/lb lean body mass of protein on a diet. Possibly more under certain circumstances.
My general experience has been that individuals who respond very well to high-carbohydrate/lower fat diets tend to do very poorly on low-carb/higher-fat diets. They feel terrible (low energy and a mental fog that never goes away), don’t seem to lean out very effectively and it just doesn’t work.
This cuts both ways: folks who don’t respond well to higher carbs do better by lowering carbs and increasing dietary fat. Sometimes that means a moderate carb/moderate fat diet, sometimes it means a full blown ketogenic diet. I should also note that some people seem to do just as well on one diet as another.
Some of this may simply be related to adherence although this tends to be less of an issue in bodybuilders (who take obsessiveness to a new level). Carb-based diets make some people hungry even if they follow all the ‘rules’; so they eat more and don’t lose fat effectively. For many of those people, reducing carb intake allows better calorie control in the long-term. People who hate moderation tend to like cyclical ketogenic diets, they can handle no-carbs during the week and massive carb-ups on the weekend; moderate carbs drive them crazy.
But how does all of the above help the neophyte dieter looking to diet down. Put differently, how can someone know ahead of the fact what diet might be optimal for them? Current research is starting to explore a link between diet and genetics and suggesting biological differences in how people respond to diet; that might explain some of the real-world results I described above.
With regards to fat intake, studies have identified what researches call low and high-fat phenotypes (phenotype is just a technical word for the interaction between your genetics and your environment) (1). Some people appear to be better able to increase fat burning in response to higher fat intakes; they stay lean in the face of such an intake. Others, however, do no such thing. Other aspects of metabolism and appetite were associated with being either a high- or low-fat phenotype.
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Т.о.::
1. Что вы ощущаете при употреблении большого количества углеводов (?):
- пампинг и наполненность мышц, или
- тяжесть, залитость и вздутие.
Если первое, то у вас хорошая чувствительность к инсулину; если последнее, то скорее всего нет.
2. Что вы ощущаете при употреблении большого количества углеводной пищи (?):
- у вас есть наблюдается постоянный и стабильный уровень энергии, или
- вы чувствуете упадок сил, сна и проголодались примерно через час
Если первое, то вероятно, у вас нормальный/низкий уровень секреции инсулина; если последнее, то вы, вероятно, как правило, относитесь к той категории людей у которых секреция инсулина повышена, который в свою очередь вызывает резкое понижение глюкозы в крови, что делает вас сонным и голодным.
1. Что вы ощущаете при употреблении большого количества углеводов (?):
- пампинг и наполненность мышц, или
- тяжесть, залитость и вздутие.
Если первое, то у вас хорошая чувствительность к инсулину; если последнее, то скорее всего нет.
2. Что вы ощущаете при употреблении большого количества углеводной пищи (?):
- у вас есть наблюдается постоянный и стабильный уровень энергии, или
- вы чувствуете упадок сил, сна и проголодались примерно через час
Если первое, то вероятно, у вас нормальный/низкий уровень секреции инсулина; если последнее, то вы, вероятно, как правило, относитесь к той категории людей у которых секреция инсулина повышена, который в свою очередь вызывает резкое понижение глюкозы в крови, что делает вас сонным и голодным.
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Как мы толстеем. Лайл МакДональд
Ок, будет эмоционально, но, поверьте, я пишу лучше в дурном настроении. Если я и понял что-то за годы пользования интернетом, так это то, что банальная грамотность не всем дана. Комментарии в ответ на статью, которую я написал во вторник - Excess Protein and Fat Storage – Q&A - показывают, что люди не только не понимают базовых концепций, мною написанных, но и умудряются вычитывать в тексте то, чего я там не писал.
В своем тексте я давал четкий ответ на четко заданный вопрос. Ничего сверх конкретного ответа по теме вопроса я не писал. И при этом люди умудрились додумать хренову тучу всяких бредней, которые я не просто никогда не говорил, но даже и не думал. Я был бы поражен, если бы не наблюдал такое поведение со стороны людей последние 15 лет.
Главный источник заблуждений: моя фраза о том, что углеводы и белок не могут быть переработаны в жир была интерпретирована как “Лайл сказал, что вы не можете потолстеть, если будете переедать белки и углеводы”. Чего я абсолютно точно не говорил. Но люди додумали. То, что я сказал и что они услышали — не одно и тоже.
Прежде чем продолжить я уточню, что если бы читатели потратели 30 секунд и кликнули на данную мною ссылку на статью Nutrient Intake, Oxidation and Storage, они бы поняли, что переедание углеводов может отразиться на жировых отражениях в вашем теле, просто не через прямую конвертацию (а через косвенные процессы). Но вместе с неграмотностью, в сети еще и эпидемия лени. И нежелание пройти по ссылке, напрямую связанной с темой, кучка людей делает неправильные выводы и начинает беситься по этому поводу.
Я так же уточню, что если бы люди, прочитавшие пост про протеин нашли бы время прочитать, не знаю, 200+ других статей на этом сайте, они бы поняли, что я ни разу не говорил, что вы можете есть столько углеводов, сколько влезет (или что безуглеводные диеты лучше, или любую другую чушь, которую они могут придумать). Или что какой-то один подход к диетам (в том числе низкоуглеводный) лучше других.
Но вместо того, чтобы почитать хоть что-то, они берут один пост, посвященный одному конкретному вопросу и останавливаются на этом. Это не лучший принцип действия, вы не можете взять один ответ на один вопрос, вырвать слова из контекста и говорить, что это моя точка зрения. Точнее, вы, конечно, можете, но это идиотизм. И это то, как многие люди поступают.
Ну, раз уж они не способны прочитать даже одну статью, не то что все остальные статьи на сайте, то вместо того, чтобы написать о чем-нибудь более интересном, сегодня я разъясню затронутый выше вопрос во всех подробностях, раз и на всегда. И все равно кто-нибудь поймет это самым неправильным образом и побежит орать по всему интернету о своей фантазии. Ничего, я уже привык.
Если говорить в общем, мы запасаем жир, когда потребляем больше калорий, чем расходуем, тему эту я уже обсуждал в статье The Energy Balance Equation. Я знаю, что сейчас многие заявляют, что фундаментальные принципы термодинамики на людей не распространяются. Коротко, они не правы. Все исследования, подтверждающие это утверждение основаны на ненадежной информации: точнее, они основаны на информации о том, что люди ГОВОРИЛИ о своем питании.
Например, одна популярная книга подтверждает один из многих своих ошибочных тезисов отчетом за 1980 год, который говорит о том, что люди страдающие ожирением едят то же количество калорий, что и худые. Следовательно, ожирение вызвано чем-то иным. А проблема в том, что подбор данных был неверен. Этот факт известен без малого уже 30 лет, но автор не смог узнать это за свои “5 лет посвященных исследованию”.
Ок, будет эмоционально, но, поверьте, я пишу лучше в дурном настроении. Если я и понял что-то за годы пользования интернетом, так это то, что банальная грамотность не всем дана. Комментарии в ответ на статью, которую я написал во вторник - Excess Protein and Fat Storage – Q&A - показывают, что люди не только не понимают базовых концепций, мною написанных, но и умудряются вычитывать в тексте то, чего я там не писал.
В своем тексте я давал четкий ответ на четко заданный вопрос. Ничего сверх конкретного ответа по теме вопроса я не писал. И при этом люди умудрились додумать хренову тучу всяких бредней, которые я не просто никогда не говорил, но даже и не думал. Я был бы поражен, если бы не наблюдал такое поведение со стороны людей последние 15 лет.
Главный источник заблуждений: моя фраза о том, что углеводы и белок не могут быть переработаны в жир была интерпретирована как “Лайл сказал, что вы не можете потолстеть, если будете переедать белки и углеводы”. Чего я абсолютно точно не говорил. Но люди додумали. То, что я сказал и что они услышали — не одно и тоже.
Прежде чем продолжить я уточню, что если бы читатели потратели 30 секунд и кликнули на данную мною ссылку на статью Nutrient Intake, Oxidation and Storage, они бы поняли, что переедание углеводов может отразиться на жировых отражениях в вашем теле, просто не через прямую конвертацию (а через косвенные процессы). Но вместе с неграмотностью, в сети еще и эпидемия лени. И нежелание пройти по ссылке, напрямую связанной с темой, кучка людей делает неправильные выводы и начинает беситься по этому поводу.
Я так же уточню, что если бы люди, прочитавшие пост про протеин нашли бы время прочитать, не знаю, 200+ других статей на этом сайте, они бы поняли, что я ни разу не говорил, что вы можете есть столько углеводов, сколько влезет (или что безуглеводные диеты лучше, или любую другую чушь, которую они могут придумать). Или что какой-то один подход к диетам (в том числе низкоуглеводный) лучше других.
Но вместо того, чтобы почитать хоть что-то, они берут один пост, посвященный одному конкретному вопросу и останавливаются на этом. Это не лучший принцип действия, вы не можете взять один ответ на один вопрос, вырвать слова из контекста и говорить, что это моя точка зрения. Точнее, вы, конечно, можете, но это идиотизм. И это то, как многие люди поступают.
Ну, раз уж они не способны прочитать даже одну статью, не то что все остальные статьи на сайте, то вместо того, чтобы написать о чем-нибудь более интересном, сегодня я разъясню затронутый выше вопрос во всех подробностях, раз и на всегда. И все равно кто-нибудь поймет это самым неправильным образом и побежит орать по всему интернету о своей фантазии. Ничего, я уже привык.
Если говорить в общем, мы запасаем жир, когда потребляем больше калорий, чем расходуем, тему эту я уже обсуждал в статье The Energy Balance Equation. Я знаю, что сейчас многие заявляют, что фундаментальные принципы термодинамики на людей не распространяются. Коротко, они не правы. Все исследования, подтверждающие это утверждение основаны на ненадежной информации: точнее, они основаны на информации о том, что люди ГОВОРИЛИ о своем питании.
Например, одна популярная книга подтверждает один из многих своих ошибочных тезисов отчетом за 1980 год, который говорит о том, что люди страдающие ожирением едят то же количество калорий, что и худые. Следовательно, ожирение вызвано чем-то иным. А проблема в том, что подбор данных был неверен. Этот факт известен без малого уже 30 лет, но автор не смог узнать это за свои “5 лет посвященных исследованию”.
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Просьба длинные тексты прятать под спойлер.
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Size of Deficit and Muscle Catabolism – Q&A
The piece I was originally going to run today has to wait a week and instead of pulling something out of the archives, I decided to do a quick Q&A.
Question: Hello Lyle, as you know in Bodybuilding there are two phases to build muscle (off-season) and to strip off excess fat. When you want to get rid of excess fat there are different ways to plan the deficit. You can use a low, medium or high deficit. The question to me is, what is the best way to keep muscle during that period (steroid free). You need to have a deficit and therefore you also will lose muscle. Let’s say, you are at the end of your bulking phase with 20% body fat and start dieting from there until you get to your 10% mark. Is there a difference in terms of muscle loss (catabolism) when you do it slowly with up to 500 kcal deficit or more aggressively with a deficit of 1000 kcal?? Both scenarios end when you hit the 10% mark! Do you have research on that?
Answer: Ok, first let me start with a big assumption in the above which is that you must lose muscle on a diet. This has been taken as fact for years and I’ll be honest that I used to repeat it many years ago. But it’s not really true. A lot of early dieting practices, much of which came out of the drug fuelled 80’s (and which didn’t work for naturals) do allow muscle loss. But it doesn’t have to happen if you do things right.
Right here means at least three things
1. Proper weight training for fat loss
2. Adequate Protein
3. Refeeds/Diet Breaks
For example, people using my Ultimate Diet 2.0 (which alternates a very large caloric deficit for about 4 days with 3 days high calories) has gotten people very lean while gaining muscle. My Rapid Fat Loss Handbook creates a very large deficit but since protein intake is high (up to 2 g/lb for leaner individuals) and mandates proper heavy weight training, muscle loss is minimal in most people.
The problem early on was that dieters tried to do what drug users were doing. They dropped heavy weight training for high-rep/short-rest training; that causes muscle loss. They tried to maintain the same lower protein (and naturals need much more protein to spare LBM); in his review Eric Helms recommends up to 2.3-3.1 g/kg (1.1-1.4 g/lb) which is exactly what I recommended in the Protein Book in 2007.
With that said, let me answer the rest of the question. Yes, early research did suggest that there was a relationship between the size of deficit and muscle catabolism but there are some problems I see with that conclusion.
Many of those studies gave like 320-400 calories/day and maybe half of that was protein. That means that the dieters got like 50 grams of protein per day which is way below what even the obese need (1.5 g/kg protein or about 0.7 g/lb). That’s what caused the muscle loss; too little protein. And of course no resistance training. Insufficient protein causes muscle loss.
Beyond that, there have been some recent studies looking at this. The first put obese men on either a very low calorie diet for 3 weeks or a low calorie (both of which contained a stupid 50 g/day of protein which is still too low given that the dieters were about 107 kg; they needed 150 g/day or so) diet for 6 weeks to generate the same total fat loss. The low calorie diet (with more calories) actually lost MORE lean body mass probably related to the length of the diet (and the stupid low protein) but they also lost more fat.
Another study, this time in elite athletes, aimed for either slow or fast weight loss (once again, the fast weight loss athletes were done in half the time) with the slow group getting 1900 calories (a 450 cal/day deficit) and 1.6 g/kg of protein (closer but still too low) or 1700 calories (an 800 cal/day deficit) and 1.6 g/kg of protein.
The fast weight loss group lost a tiny amount of LBM (about 1 lb) while the slow weight loss group actually gained a bit of muscle. But this is kind of misleading, the athletes were training their upper bodies for the first time and the muscle gain was a newbie effect. The fast weight loss group also lost a bit more fat.
But I’d make a big point, a faster diet, in addition to probably not causing more LBM if you do it right, is over faster. If your diet is done in 3 weeks versus 6 weeks, you can get back to real training on maintenance or slightly higher calories sooner. So if you’re diet is over in 3 weeks (compared to 6) you can spend the next 3 weeks training more efficiently. I bet those 3 weeks of real training put any small amount of muscle lost back on and let you gain more muscle too.
Now, I’m not recommending that all dieters follow fast fat loss diets. But it’s pretty clear that given sufficient protein and training, any LBM loss is minimal overall. And it’s not much greater with fast fat loss. So most of these old ideas floating around are actually wrong. You don’t have to lose muscle and if you get sufficient protein, heavy training and don’t go nuts on cardio, you won’t lose more with a faster fat loss than with a slower fat loss. And you can get back to non-dieting training sooner.
The piece I was originally going to run today has to wait a week and instead of pulling something out of the archives, I decided to do a quick Q&A.
Question: Hello Lyle, as you know in Bodybuilding there are two phases to build muscle (off-season) and to strip off excess fat. When you want to get rid of excess fat there are different ways to plan the deficit. You can use a low, medium or high deficit. The question to me is, what is the best way to keep muscle during that period (steroid free). You need to have a deficit and therefore you also will lose muscle. Let’s say, you are at the end of your bulking phase with 20% body fat and start dieting from there until you get to your 10% mark. Is there a difference in terms of muscle loss (catabolism) when you do it slowly with up to 500 kcal deficit or more aggressively with a deficit of 1000 kcal?? Both scenarios end when you hit the 10% mark! Do you have research on that?
Answer: Ok, first let me start with a big assumption in the above which is that you must lose muscle on a diet. This has been taken as fact for years and I’ll be honest that I used to repeat it many years ago. But it’s not really true. A lot of early dieting practices, much of which came out of the drug fuelled 80’s (and which didn’t work for naturals) do allow muscle loss. But it doesn’t have to happen if you do things right.
Right here means at least three things
1. Proper weight training for fat loss
2. Adequate Protein
3. Refeeds/Diet Breaks
For example, people using my Ultimate Diet 2.0 (which alternates a very large caloric deficit for about 4 days with 3 days high calories) has gotten people very lean while gaining muscle. My Rapid Fat Loss Handbook creates a very large deficit but since protein intake is high (up to 2 g/lb for leaner individuals) and mandates proper heavy weight training, muscle loss is minimal in most people.
The problem early on was that dieters tried to do what drug users were doing. They dropped heavy weight training for high-rep/short-rest training; that causes muscle loss. They tried to maintain the same lower protein (and naturals need much more protein to spare LBM); in his review Eric Helms recommends up to 2.3-3.1 g/kg (1.1-1.4 g/lb) which is exactly what I recommended in the Protein Book in 2007.
With that said, let me answer the rest of the question. Yes, early research did suggest that there was a relationship between the size of deficit and muscle catabolism but there are some problems I see with that conclusion.
Many of those studies gave like 320-400 calories/day and maybe half of that was protein. That means that the dieters got like 50 grams of protein per day which is way below what even the obese need (1.5 g/kg protein or about 0.7 g/lb). That’s what caused the muscle loss; too little protein. And of course no resistance training. Insufficient protein causes muscle loss.
Beyond that, there have been some recent studies looking at this. The first put obese men on either a very low calorie diet for 3 weeks or a low calorie (both of which contained a stupid 50 g/day of protein which is still too low given that the dieters were about 107 kg; they needed 150 g/day or so) diet for 6 weeks to generate the same total fat loss. The low calorie diet (with more calories) actually lost MORE lean body mass probably related to the length of the diet (and the stupid low protein) but they also lost more fat.
Another study, this time in elite athletes, aimed for either slow or fast weight loss (once again, the fast weight loss athletes were done in half the time) with the slow group getting 1900 calories (a 450 cal/day deficit) and 1.6 g/kg of protein (closer but still too low) or 1700 calories (an 800 cal/day deficit) and 1.6 g/kg of protein.
The fast weight loss group lost a tiny amount of LBM (about 1 lb) while the slow weight loss group actually gained a bit of muscle. But this is kind of misleading, the athletes were training their upper bodies for the first time and the muscle gain was a newbie effect. The fast weight loss group also lost a bit more fat.
But I’d make a big point, a faster diet, in addition to probably not causing more LBM if you do it right, is over faster. If your diet is done in 3 weeks versus 6 weeks, you can get back to real training on maintenance or slightly higher calories sooner. So if you’re diet is over in 3 weeks (compared to 6) you can spend the next 3 weeks training more efficiently. I bet those 3 weeks of real training put any small amount of muscle lost back on and let you gain more muscle too.
Now, I’m not recommending that all dieters follow fast fat loss diets. But it’s pretty clear that given sufficient protein and training, any LBM loss is minimal overall. And it’s not much greater with fast fat loss. So most of these old ideas floating around are actually wrong. You don’t have to lose muscle and if you get sufficient protein, heavy training and don’t go nuts on cardio, you won’t lose more with a faster fat loss than with a slower fat loss. And you can get back to non-dieting training sooner.
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Темы, книги и статьи Lyle McDonald
Fasted Cardio and Fat Loss – Q&A
Question: I’ve long seen it claimed that cardio has to be done first thing in the morning on an empty stomach for optimal fat loss, is this true?
Answer: This is probably one of the most commonly asked questions which is why it’s worth addressing. It’s worth keeping in mind that this idea usually comes out of the bodybuilding subculture, usually contest bodybuilders who, assuming their diet is working properly, are getting towards the low-end of body fat levels. And the short-answer to your question is that the body fat of the person is going to be the main determinant of whether doing cardio fasted in the morning is important or not.
To understand that, I need to cover a bit of background physiology, I’d mention that this is discussed in much more detail in both my Ultimate Diet 2.0 and The Stubborn Fat Solution for anybody who is truly interested in the topic. But simply, there are three primary steps involved in ‘losing’ fat, they are:
1. Mobilization
2. Transport
3. Oxidation (burning)
Mobilization refers to actually getting stored fat (specifically fatty acids) out of the fat cell; this process is under the primary control of insulin and the catecholamines although hormones such as growth hormone, cortisol and others play secondary or tertiary roles. Transport refers to the actual transport of fatty acids (bound to albumin) within the bloodstream; this step can be an issue when folks are dealing with stubborn body fat (such as lower ab/low back fat in men and hip/thigh fat in women); blood flow is impaired in those areas. Finally is oxidation which is the actual burning of fatty acids within tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and heart.
Now, in lean individuals (where lean is around 12-15% body fat for men and about 19-22% for women), fat mobilization becomes a problem; blood flow is often an issue as well. As folks get leaner, the body undergoes a series of adaptations that occur to make getting fat out of the fat cells more difficult. For the most part, oxidation isn’t so much of a problem although there are strategies (such as skeletal muscle glycogen depletion) that can enhance the process; read my Ultimate Diet 2.0 for more details.
At the other extreme, that is in the very obese (here I’m talking about perhaps 35%+ body fat for men and 40%+ for women), the reverse problem is present. There are tons of fatty acids floating around in the bloodstream, but for a variety of reasons, oxidation has become impaired. To fully discuss this issue (along with approaches of fixing it) would require a full article an I won’t say much more about this group here.
And between those two extremes (so from about 15-35% body fat in men and ~20-40% body fat in women), there are really no issues. Mobilization is usually not a problem since the body hasn’t started to fight back, transport isn’t an issue since stubborn fat isn’t being targeted, and oxidation is rarely a problem since the defects which show up at the extremes of obesity generally aren’t present.
And that provides the answer:
For the lean trying to get very lean (15% body fat or less for men, 22% or less for women), various strategies, including fasted cardio are probably going to be required to offset the mobization and blood flow defects. That’s why that specific group found decades ago that fasted morning cardio worked best. And why I wrote The Stubborn Fat Solution since it deals with how to overcome all of the problems.
But for folks who aren’t that lean yet, the folks in the middle range of body fat levels, it really doesn’t matter. The best time to do cardio will be whenever it will most consistently get done. If that’s first thing in the morning, fantastic. If not, also fantastic. It’s more important in this situation that it gets done than when it gets done.
Again, for the extremely obese, different strategies entirely are required but, again that would take a full article to address so I won’t talk about it here.
Question: I’ve long seen it claimed that cardio has to be done first thing in the morning on an empty stomach for optimal fat loss, is this true?
Answer: This is probably one of the most commonly asked questions which is why it’s worth addressing. It’s worth keeping in mind that this idea usually comes out of the bodybuilding subculture, usually contest bodybuilders who, assuming their diet is working properly, are getting towards the low-end of body fat levels. And the short-answer to your question is that the body fat of the person is going to be the main determinant of whether doing cardio fasted in the morning is important or not.
To understand that, I need to cover a bit of background physiology, I’d mention that this is discussed in much more detail in both my Ultimate Diet 2.0 and The Stubborn Fat Solution for anybody who is truly interested in the topic. But simply, there are three primary steps involved in ‘losing’ fat, they are:
1. Mobilization
2. Transport
3. Oxidation (burning)
Mobilization refers to actually getting stored fat (specifically fatty acids) out of the fat cell; this process is under the primary control of insulin and the catecholamines although hormones such as growth hormone, cortisol and others play secondary or tertiary roles. Transport refers to the actual transport of fatty acids (bound to albumin) within the bloodstream; this step can be an issue when folks are dealing with stubborn body fat (such as lower ab/low back fat in men and hip/thigh fat in women); blood flow is impaired in those areas. Finally is oxidation which is the actual burning of fatty acids within tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and heart.
Now, in lean individuals (where lean is around 12-15% body fat for men and about 19-22% for women), fat mobilization becomes a problem; blood flow is often an issue as well. As folks get leaner, the body undergoes a series of adaptations that occur to make getting fat out of the fat cells more difficult. For the most part, oxidation isn’t so much of a problem although there are strategies (such as skeletal muscle glycogen depletion) that can enhance the process; read my Ultimate Diet 2.0 for more details.
At the other extreme, that is in the very obese (here I’m talking about perhaps 35%+ body fat for men and 40%+ for women), the reverse problem is present. There are tons of fatty acids floating around in the bloodstream, but for a variety of reasons, oxidation has become impaired. To fully discuss this issue (along with approaches of fixing it) would require a full article an I won’t say much more about this group here.
And between those two extremes (so from about 15-35% body fat in men and ~20-40% body fat in women), there are really no issues. Mobilization is usually not a problem since the body hasn’t started to fight back, transport isn’t an issue since stubborn fat isn’t being targeted, and oxidation is rarely a problem since the defects which show up at the extremes of obesity generally aren’t present.
And that provides the answer:
For the lean trying to get very lean (15% body fat or less for men, 22% or less for women), various strategies, including fasted cardio are probably going to be required to offset the mobization and blood flow defects. That’s why that specific group found decades ago that fasted morning cardio worked best. And why I wrote The Stubborn Fat Solution since it deals with how to overcome all of the problems.
But for folks who aren’t that lean yet, the folks in the middle range of body fat levels, it really doesn’t matter. The best time to do cardio will be whenever it will most consistently get done. If that’s first thing in the morning, fantastic. If not, also fantastic. It’s more important in this situation that it gets done than when it gets done.
Again, for the extremely obese, different strategies entirely are required but, again that would take a full article to address so I won’t talk about it here.
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